What Is A Pound Mass

Unit of mass

"lb." and "lbs." redirect here. For other uses, see LB and LBS.

pound
Unit system	British imperial, Usa customary
Unit of	mass
Symbol	lb
Conversions
1 lb in ...	... is equal to ...
SI units	0.453592 37 kg
Avoirdupois	16 ounces

The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in British majestic and The states customary systems of measurement. Diverse definitions have been used; the most common today is the international avoirdupois pound, which is legally divers as exactly 0.453592 37 kilograms, and which is divided into 16 avoirdupois ounces.^[1] The international standard symbol for the avoirdupois pound is lb;^[ii] an culling symbol is lb_chiliad ^[three] (for nearly pound definitions), # (chiefly in the U.S.),^[4] and ℔ ^[5] or ″̶ ^[6](specifically for the apothecaries' pound).

The unit is descended from the Roman libra (hence the abbreviation "lb"). The English word pound is cognate with, amidst others, High german Pfund , Dutch pond , and Swedish pund . These units are celebrated and are no longer used (replaced past the metric system).

Usage of the unqualified term pound reflects the historical conflation of mass and weight. This accounts for the modern distinguishing terms pound-mass and pound-force.

Etymology [edit]

The word 'pound' and its cognates ultimately derive from a borrowing into Proto-Germanic of the Latin expression libra pondo ('the weight measured in libra '), in which the discussion pondo is the ablative singular of the Latin noun pondus ('weight').^[7]

Current use [edit]

The U.s. and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations agreed upon mutual definitions for the pound and the yard. Since 1 July 1959, the international avoirdupois pound (symbol lb) has been defined as exactly 0.453592 37 kg.^{[8] [9]}

In the Uk, the apply of the international pound was implemented in the Weights and Measures Act 1963.^[10]

The yard or the metre shall be the unit of length and the pound or the kilogram shall be the unit of measurement of mass by reference to which any measurement involving a measurement of length or mass shall exist made in the United kingdom; and-
(a) the yard shall be 0.9144 metre exactly;
(b) the pound shall be 0.453592 37 kilogram exactly.

— Weights and Measures Act, 1963, Department 1(1)^[11]

An avoirdupois pound is equal to 16 avoirdupois ounces and to exactly vii,000 grains. The conversion factor between the kilogram and the international pound was therefore chosen to exist divisible by 7 with a terminating decimal representation, and an (international) grain is thus equal to exactly 64.79891 milligrams.

In the UK, the process of metrication and European units of measurement directives were expected to eliminate the apply of the pound and ounce, just in 2007 the European Committee abased the requirement for metric-only labelling on packaged goods there, and allowed for dual metric–imperial marker to keep indefinitely.^{[12] [thirteen]} When used every bit a measurement of body weight, common Britain practice outside medical settings remains to use the stone of 14 pounds every bit the master measure e.g. "11 stone 4 pounds", rather than "158 pounds" (as washed in the US),^[14] or "72 kilograms" as used elsewhere.

In the United States, the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 declared the metric organization to be the "preferred arrangement of weights and measures" but did non suspend use of United states of america customary units, and the United States is the only industrialised country where commercial activities practice not predominantly use the metric system,^[15] despite many efforts to do so, and the pound remains widely used as one of the key customary units.^{[16] [17]}

Historical use [edit]

Comparison of the relative sizes of avoirdupois, troy, Belfry, merchant and London pounds.

Historically, in different parts of the world, at unlike points in time, and for different applications, the pound (or its translation) has referred to broadly similar but not identical standards of mass or force.^[18]

Roman libra [edit]

Various historic pounds from a German textbook dated 1848

The libra (Latin for 'calibration'/'remainder') is an ancient Roman unit of mass that is now equivalent to 328.9 grams.^{[19] [xx] [21]} Information technology was divided into 12 unciae (singular: uncia ), or ounces. The libra is the origin of the abbreviation for pound, "lb".

In United kingdom [edit]

A number of different definitions of the pound accept historically been used in Britain. Amidst these were the avoirdupois pound and the obsolete Tower, merchant's and London pounds.^[22] Troy pounds and ounces remain in utilise simply for the weight of sure precious metals, especially in the trade; these are normally quoted merely in ounces (eastward.g. "500 ounces") and, when the type of ounce is not explicitly stated, the troy arrangement is causeless.

Historically, the pound sterling was a Tower pound of argent.^{[ commendation needed ]} In 1528, the standard was changed to the Troy pound.^{[ citation needed ]}

English language pounds

Unit of measurement 5 t e	Pounds											Ounces						Grains		Metric
	Avdp.		Troy		Belfry		Merchant		London		Metric	Avdp.		Troy		Tower		Troy	Tower	thou	kg
Avoirdupois	1		175 / 144	= 1.21527	35 / 27	= 1.296	28 / 27	= i.037	35 / 36	= 0.97ii	≈ 0.9072	16		14+ seven / 12	= fourteen.583	fifteen+ 5 / 9	= 15.5	7,000	0 nine,955+ v / 9	≈ 454	≈ 5 / 11
Troy	144 / 175	≈ 0.8229	one		sixteen / 15	= 1.06	64 / 75	= 0.853	4 / 5	= 0.8	≈ 0.7465	13+ 29 / 175	≈ 13.17	12		12+ 4 / 5	= 12.8	5,760	0viii,192	≈ 373	≈ 3 / viii
Tower	27 / 35	≈ 0.7714	xv / 16	= 0.9375	1		4 / 5	= 0.8	3 / 4	= 0.75	≈ 0.6998	12+ 12 / 35	≈ 12.34	xi+ 1 / 4	= 11.25	12		v,400	07,680	≈ 350	≈ 7 / 20
Merchant	27 / 28	≈ 0.9643	75 / 64	= 1.171875	5 / iv	= 1.25	ane		15 / xvi	= 0.9375	≈ 0.8748	xv+ 3 / 7	≈ 15.43	14+ 1 / sixteen	= 14.0625	15		6,750	0nine,600	≈ 437	≈ seven / 16
London	36 / 35	≈ 1.029	v / 4	= 1.25	four / iii	= ane.three	16 / fifteen	= 1.0six	1		≈ 0.9331	sixteen+ 16 / 35	≈ 16.46	15		16		seven,200	10,240	≈ 467	≈ vii / 15
Metric		≈ 1.1023		≈ 1.3396		≈ i.4289		≈ 1.1431		≈ one.0717	1		≈ 17.64		≈ sixteen.08		≈ 17.15	7,716	x,974	= 500	= 1 / two

Avoirdupois pound [edit]

The avoirdupois pound, likewise known as the wool pound, first came into general employ c. 1300. Information technology was initially equal to 6992 troy grains. The pound avoirdupois was divided into 16 ounces. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the avoirdupois pound was redefined as 7,000 troy grains. Since so, the grain has often been an integral role of the avoirdupois system. By 1758, two Elizabethan Exchequer standard weights for the avoirdupois pound existed, and when measured in troy grains they were institute to be of 7,002 grains and six,999 grains.^{[23] [24] [a]}

Imperial Standard Pound [edit]

In the United Kingdom, weights and measures have been defined by a long series of Acts of Parliament, the intention of which has been to regulate the auction of commodities. Materials traded in the market are quantified according to accepted units and standards in gild to avoid fraud. The standards themselves are legally defined and then equally to facilitate the resolution of disputes brought to the courts; just legally defined measures volition be recognised by the courts. Quantifying devices used by traders (weights, weighing machines, containers of volumes, measures of length) are bailiwick to official inspection, and penalties use if they are fraudulent.

The Weights and Measures Act 1878 marked a major overhaul of the British system of weights and measures, and the definition of the pound given in that location remained in forcefulness until the 1960s. The pound was defined thus (Department 4) "The ... platinum weight ... deposited in the Standards department of the Lath of Trade ... shall go on to be the imperial standard of ... weight ... and the said platinum weight shall go on to be the Regal Standard for determining the Imperial Standard Pound for the United Kingdom". Paragraph thirteen states that the weight in vacuo of this standard shall exist called the Imperial Standard Pound, and that all other weights mentioned in the human action and permissible for commerce shall be ascertained from information technology lone. The Outset Schedule of the Act gave more details of the standard pound: it is a platinum cylinder nearly ane.35 inches (34 mm) high, and 1.fifteen inches (29 mm) diameter, and the edges are advisedly rounded off. It has a groove virtually 0.34 inches (8.half-dozen mm) from the top, to allow the cylinder to be lifted using an ivory fork. It was synthetic following the devastation of the Houses of Parliament by fire in 1834, and is stamped "P.S. 1844, 1 lb" (P.S. stands for "Parliamentary Standard").

Redefinition in terms of the kilogram [edit]

The British 1878 Human action said that contracts worded in terms of metric units would exist deemed by the courts to be made according to the Imperial units defined in the Act, and a table of metric equivalents was supplied so that the Imperial equivalents could be legally calculated. This defined, in UK law, metric units in terms of Imperial ones. The equivalence for the pound was given as 1 lb = 453.59265 one thousand or 0.45359 kg, which made the kilogram equivalent to virtually 2.2046213 lb.

In 1883, it was determined jointly past the standards department of the British Lath of Trade and the Agency International that 0.453592 4277 kg was a better approximation, and this figure, rounded to 0.453592 43 kg was given legal status by an Order in Council in May 1898.^[25]

In 1959, based on farther measurements and international coordination, the International G and Pound Agreement defined an "international pound" as being equivalent to exactly 0.453592 37 kg.^[25] This meant that the existing legal definition of the Uk pound differed from the international standard pound by 0.06 milligrams. To remedy this, the pound was once more redefined in the United Kingdom by the Weights and Measures Act 1963 to friction match the international pound, stating: "the pound shall be 0.453 592 37 kilogramme exactly",^[11] a definition which remains valid to the present day.

The 2019 redefinition of the SI base units means that the pound is at present defined precisely in terms of fundamental constants, catastrophe the era of its definition in terms of physical prototypes.

Troy pound [edit]

A troy pound (abbreviated lb t^[26]) is equal to 12 troy ounces and to 5,760 grains, that is exactly 373.2417216 grams.^[27] Troy weights were used in England by jewellers. Apothecaries besides used the troy pound and ounce, but added the drachms and scruples unit in the Apothecaries' system of weights.

Troy weight may take its name from the French market town of Troyes in French republic where English merchants traded at least as early as the early 9th century.^[28]

The troy pound is no longer in general utilise or a legal unit for merchandise (it was abolished in the United kingdom on vi January 1879 past the Weights and Measures Act of 1878), just the troy ounce, 1⁄12 of a troy pound, is notwithstanding used for measurements of gems such every bit opals, and precious metals such as silvery, platinum and especially gold.^[29]

Belfry pound [edit]

The system called Tower weight was the more general name for King Offa's pound. This dates to Advert 757 and was based on the silver penny.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The Tower pound was also chosen the Moneyers' Pound (referring to the Saxon moneyers earlier the Conquest),^[30] the easterling pound, which may refer to traders of eastern Germany, or to traders on the shore of the eastern Baltic sea, or dealers of Asiatic goods who settled at the Steelyard wharf;^[31] and the Rochelle Pound by French writers, because information technology was as well in apply at Rochelle.^[32] An almost identical weight was employed by the Germans for weighing gold and silver.

The mercantile pound (1304) of 6750 troy grains, or 9600 Tower grains, derives from this pound, every bit 25 shilling-weights or 15 Belfry ounces, for full general commercial use. Multiple pounds based on the same ounce were quite mutual. In much of Europe, the apothecaries' and commercial pounds were unlike numbers of the same ounce.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The Tower system was referenced to a standard paradigm found in the Tower of London and ran concurrently with the avoirdupois and troy systems until the reign of Henry VIII, when a royal proclamation dated 1526 required that the troy pound to be used for mint purposes instead of the Tower pound.^[33] No standards of the Tower pound are known to take survived.^[34]

The Tower pound was equivalent to about 350 grams.^{[35] [36]}

1 mercantile pound (15 oz)	=	ix,600 Belfry grains	=	6,750 troy grains
1 Belfry pound (12 oz)	=	seven,680 Tower grains	=	5,400 troy grains
i Tower ounce (xx dwt)	=	640 Tower grains	=	450 troy grains
one Tower pennyweight (dwt)	=	32 Belfry grains	=	22+ 1⁄two troy grains

Merchants' pound [edit]

The merchants' pound (mercantile pound, libra mercantoria , or commercial pound) was considered to be composed of 25 rather than 20 Belfry shillings of 12 pence.^[37] It was equal to 9,600 wheat grains (15 tower ounces or 6,750 grains)^[28] and was used in England until the 14th century^[28] for goods other than money and medicine ("electuaries").^[37]

London pound [edit]

The London pound is that of the Hansa, as used in their diverse trading places. The London pound is based on 16 ounces, each ounce divided every bit the tower ounce. Information technology never became a legal standard in England; the employ of this pound waxed and waned with the influence of the Hansa itself.

A London pound was equal to vii,200 troy grains (16 troy ounces) or, equivalently, ten,240 tower grains (16 belfry ounces).

one London pound (16 oz)	=	1+ 1⁄3 tower pounds (1.25 Troy pounds)	=	10,240 tower grains	=	seven,200 troy grains
1 London ounce (xx dwt)	=	1 tower (or troy) ounce	=	640 tower grains	=	450 troy grains
1 London pennyweight	=	i tower (or troy) pennyweight	=	32 tower grains	=	22+ ane⁄2 troy grains

In the United States [edit]

In the United States, the avoirdupois pound every bit a unit of mass has been officially defined in terms of the kilogram since the Mendenhall Order of 1893. That order defined the pound to be 2.20462 pounds to a kilogram. The following year, this relationship was refined equally two.204622 34 pounds to a kilogram, following a determination of the British pound.^[25]

In 1959, the United States National Bureau of Standards redefined the pound (avoirdupois) to be exactly equal to 0.453 592 37 kilograms, as had been declared past the International Yard and Pound Understanding of that year. According to a 1959 NIST publication, the United states of america 1894 pound differed from the international pound by approximately one part in 10 meg.^[1] The deviation is so insignificant that it can be ignored for almost all applied purposes.^[38]

Byzantine litra [edit]

The Byzantines used a series of measurements known equally pounds (Latin: libra, Aboriginal Greek: λίτρα, romanized: litra ). The well-nigh mutual was the logarikē litra ( λογαρική λίτρα , "pound of account"), established by Constantine the Slap-up in 309/310. It formed the basis of the Byzantine monetary system, with one litra of gold equivalent to 72 solidi . A hundred litrai were known as a kentēnarion ( κεντηνάριον , "hundredweight"). Its weight seems to take decreased gradually from the original 324 grams to 319. Due to its association with gold, it was besides known as the chrysaphikē litra ( χρυσαφική λίτρα , "gilded pound") or thalassia litra ( θαλάσσια λίτρα , "maritime pound"), only it could also be used as a measure out of land, equalling a fortieth of the thalassios modios .^[39]

The soualia litra was specifically used for weighing olive oil or wood, and corresponded to 4/5 of the logarikē , i.e. 256 g. Some outlying regions, especially in later times, adopted diverse local measures, based on Italian, Arab or Turkish measures. The about important of these was the argyrikē litra ( αργυρική λίτρα , "silver pound") of 333 yard, found in Trebizond and Cyprus, and probably of Arab origin.^[39]

French livre [edit]

Since the Center Ages, diverse pounds ( livre ) have been used in France. Since the 19th century, a livre has referred to the metric pound, 500g.

The livre esterlin was equivalent to almost 367.1 grams (5,665 gr) and was used betwixt the late 9th century and the mid-14th century.^[forty]

The livre poids de marc or livre de Paris was equivalent to nearly 489.5 grams (7,554 gr) and was used between the 1350s and the late 18th century.^[forty] It was introduced by the government of John II.

The livre métrique was ready equal to the kilogram by the decree of 13 Brumaire an Nine between 1800 and 1812. This was a course of official metric pound.^[twoscore]

The livre usuelle (customary unit) was divers equally 500 grams by the decree of 28 March 1812. It was abolished as a unit of mass effective 1 January 1840 by a decree of 4 July 1837,^[40] but is all the same used informally.^{[ citation needed ]}

High german and Austrian Pfund [edit]

Originally derived from the Roman libra, the definition varied throughout the Holy Roman Empire in the Center Ages and onward. For instance, the measures and weights of the Habsburg monarchy were reformed in 1761 by Empress Maria Theresia of Austria.^[41] The unusually heavy Habsburg (civil) pound of xvi ounces was later defined in terms of 560.012 grams. Bavarian reforms in 1809 and 1811 adopted essentially the same standard as the Austrian pound. In Prussia, a reform in 1816 defined a uniform civil pound in terms of the Prussian human foot and distilled water, resulting in a Prussian pound of 467.711 grams.

Between 1803 and 1815, all German regions westward of the River Rhine were under French control, organised in the departements: Roer, Sarre, Rhin-et-Moselle, and Mont-Tonnerre. As a outcome of the Congress of Vienna, these regions again became part of various German language states. Yet, many of these regions retained the metric organisation and adopted a metric pound of precisely 500 grams. In 1854, the pound of 500 grams likewise became the official mass standard of the High german Customs Union and was renamed the Zollpfund , but local pounds connected to co-exist with the Zollverein pound for some time in some German language states. Nowadays, the term Pfund is sometimes yet in use and universally refers to a pound of 500 grams.^[42]

Russian funt [edit]

The Russian pound ( Фунт , funt ) is an obsolete Russian unit of measurement of mass. It is equal to 409.51718 grams.^[43] In 1899, the funt was the basic unit of measurement of weight, and all other units of weight were formed from it; in item, a zolotnik was 1⁄96 of a funt, and a pood was 40 fúnty .

Skålpund [edit]

The Skålpund was a Scandinavian measurement that varied in weight between regions. From the 17th century onward, it was equal to 425.076 grams in Sweden but was abandoned in 1889 when Sweden switched to the metric system.

In Norway, the aforementioned proper noun was used for a weight of 498.i grams. In Kingdom of denmark, it equalled 471 grams.

In the 19th century, Denmark followed Germany'southward pb and redefined the pound as 500 grams.

Portuguese libra and arrátel [edit]

The Portuguese unit that corresponds to the pounds of different nations is the arrátel , equivalent to 16 ounces of Colonha , a variant of the Cologne standard. This arrátel was introduced in 1499 past Manuel I, king of Portugal. Based on an evaluation of statuary nesting weight piles distributed by Manuel I to different towns, the arrátel of Manuel I has been estimated to be of 457.viii g. In the early on 19th century, the arrátel was evaluated at 459 g.^[44]

In the 15th century, the arrátel was of 14 ounces of Colonha or 400.vi yard. The Portuguese libra was the same as 2 arráteis . At that place were too arráteis of 12.5 and 13 ounces and libras of 15 and 16 ounces. The Troyes or Tria standard was besides used.^[45]

Bailiwick of jersey pound [edit]

A Bailiwick of jersey pound is an obsolete unit of mass used on the isle of Jersey from the 14th century to the 19th century. It was equivalent to about seven,561 grains (490 grams). It may have been derived from the French livre poids de marc.^[46]

Trone pound [edit]

The trone pound is one of a number of obsolete Scottish units of measurement. It was equivalent to between 21 and 28 avoirdupois ounces (about 600-800 grams).

Metric pound [edit]

In many countries, upon the introduction of a metric organisation, the pound (or its translation) became an historic and obsolete term, although some take kept information technology as an informal term without a specific value. In German language, the term is Pfund , in French livre , in Dutch pond , in Spanish and Portuguese libra , in Italian libbra , and in Danish and Swedish pund .

Though non from the same linguistic origin, the Chinese jīn ( 斤 , also known as "catty") in china has a modern definition of exactly 500 grams, divided into 10 liǎng ( 两 ). Traditionally around 600 grams, the jin has been in use for more than 2 yard years varying in exact value from one period to some other, serving the same purpose equally "pound" for the common-employ mensurate of weight. In Hong Kong, for the purposes of commerce and merchandise between Britain and Imperial China in the preceeding centuries, that 3 Chinese catties was equivalent to four British regal pounds, defining one catty every bit 604.78982 grams in weight precisely.

Hundreds of older pounds were replaced in this way. Examples of the older pounds are i of around 459 to 460 grams in Spain, Portugal, and Latin America; 1 of 498.ane grams in Norway; and several unlike ones in what is now Germany.

From the introduction of the kilogram scales and measuring devices are denominated only in grams and kilograms. A pound of product must be determined by weighing the product in grams as the use of the pound is not sanctioned for trade within the European Marriage.^[47]

Employ in weaponry [edit]

Smoothbore cannon and carronades are designated by the weight in imperial pounds of round solid iron shot of bore to fit the barrel. A cannon that fires a half dozen-pound ball, for example, is called a six-pounder. Standard sizes are 6, 12, xviii, 24, 32 and 42 pounds; 68-pounders also be, and other nonstandard weapons utilize the aforementioned scheme. Run into carronade.

A similar definition, using lead balls, exists for determining the gauge of shotguns.

Encounter also [edit]

• Pound-force
• Slug (unit)

Notes [edit]

1. ^ A divergence of just 194.39673 milligrams.

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} United States National Bureau of Standards (25 June 1959). "Notices "Refinement of values for the thou and the pound"" (PDF) . Retrieved 12 Baronial 2006.
2. ^ IEEE Std 260.1-2004, IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Sure Other Units)
3. ^ Fletcher, Leroy S.; Shoup, Terry Due east. (1978), Introduction to Technology, Prentice-Hall, ISBN978-0135018583, LCCN 77024142. ^: 257
4. ^ "pound sign". Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018.
5. ^ "unicode chart 2100-214F" (PDF). grapheme 2114 of the Unicode half dozen.0 and v.0 standards. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
6. ^ "The Lexicon of Medical and Surgical Knowledge". 1864. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
7. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. 'pound'
8. ^ Usa. National Bureau of Standards (1959). Enquiry Highlights of the National Bureau of Standards. U.Southward. Department of Commerce, National Agency of Standards. p. 13. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
9. ^ National Bureau of Standards, Appendix 8 Archived 18 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine; National Physical Laboratory, PH Bigg et al. : Re-conclusion of the values of the imperial standard pound and of its parliamentary copies in terms of the international kilogramme during the years 1960 and 1961; Sizes.com: pound avoirdupois.
10. ^ Quoted by Laws LJ in "[2002] EWHC 195 (Admin)". Retrieved 12 Baronial 2006.
11. ^ ^{a b} "Weights and Measures Act 1963". vLex United Kingdom. 31 July 1963. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
12. ^ "EU gives upward on 'metric Britain". BBC News. 11 September 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
13. ^ Kelly, Jon (21 December 2011). "Will British people ever remember in metric?". BBC. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
14. ^ Hopkins, Christine; Pope, Ann; Pepperell, Sandy (2016). Understanding Primary Mathematics. Routledge. p. 195. ISBN9780203963500. (later editions available)
15. ^ "Appendix G – Weights and Measures". The Earth Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 17 January 2007. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
16. ^ "U.s. 1988 law on metrification". Retrieved 21 September 2019.
17. ^ "Countries non using SI". 22 March 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
18. ^ The pound is often described every bit a unit of "weight", and the discussion "weight" can refer to either mass or strength depending on context. Historically and in common parlance, "weight" refers to mass, but weight every bit used in modern physics is a strength.
19. ^ Zupko, Ronald Edward (1977). British weights & measures: a history from artifact to the seventeenth century. Univ. of Wisconsin Press. p. 7. ISBN9780299073404 . Retrieved 27 November 2011.
20. ^ Frederick George Skinner (1967). Weights and measures: their aboriginal origins and their development in Great Britain up to A.D. 1855. H.Yard.Southward.O. p. 65. ISBN9789140059550 . Retrieved 27 November 2011.
21. ^ Chambers's encyclopaedia. Vol. 14. Pergamon Printing. 1967. p. 476. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
22. ^ "Grains and drams, ounces and pounds, stones and tons. Personal notes".
23. ^ Skinner, F.Yard. (1952). "The English K and Pound Weight". Bulletin of the British Social club for the History of Scientific discipline. 1 (vii): 184–6. doi:10.1017/S0950563600000646.
24. ^ United States. National Bureau of Standards (1962). weights and measures. Taylor & Francis. pp. 22–24. GGKEY:4KXNZ63BNUF. Retrieved 26 Dec 2011.
25. ^ ^{a b c} Barbrow, L.E.; Judson, L.V. (1976). Weights and measures standards of the United States – A brief history. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008.
26. ^ Capotosto, R. (1983). 200 Original Shop Aids and Jigs for Woodworkers. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc..
27. ^ U.s. National Agency of Standards. "Appendix C of NIST Handbook 44, Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices, General Tables of Units of Measurement" (PDF). p. C-14.
28. ^ ^{a b c} Zupko, Ronald Edward (i December 1985). Dictionary of Weights and Measures for the British Isles: The Middle Ages to the 20th Century. DIANE Publishing. ISBN0-87169-168-X.
29. ^ "Condition Written report of U.Due south. Regime Gold Reserve", Agency of the Fiscal Service
30. ^ "Tower pound". Sizes.com . Retrieved 17 September 2016.
31. ^ Facsimile of First Volume of Ms. Archives of the Worshipful Company of Grocers of the Metropolis of London A.D. 1345-1463. 1886.
32. ^ The English language manual of banking. 1877. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
33. ^ A proclamation of Henry 8, five November 1526. Announcement 112 in Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin, editors. Tudor Royal Proclamations. Volume one. New Haven: Yale Academy Press,1964.[ane]
34. ^ R. D. Connor and A. D. C. Simpson.Weights and Measures in Scotland. A European Perspective.National Museums of Scotland and Tuckwell Printing, 2004, page 116, quoting from H. W. Chisholm, 7th Almanac Report of the Warden for the Standards..for 1872-73 (London, 1873), quoting from 1864 Firm of Commons Newspaper.[2]
35. ^ "Weights used for gold". Tax Free Golden. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
36. ^ "A cursory history of the pound". The Dozenal Lodge of Great Britain. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
37. ^ ^{a b} Ruffhead, Owen, ed. (1763a), The Statutes at Large, vol.  I: From Magna Charta to the Terminate of the Reign of King Henry the Sixth. To which is prefixed, A Table of the Titles of all the Publick and Private Statutes during that Time, London: Marking Handbasket for the Crown, pp. 148–149 . (in English) & (in Latin) & (in Norman)
38. ^ The states National Bureau of Standards. "Appendix C of NIST Handbook 44, Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices, General Tables of Units of Measurement" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2006. "In Nifty Britain, the Chiliad, the Avoirdupois Pound, the troy pound, and the Apothecaries pound are identical with the units of the aforementioned names used in the United States." (The introduction to this appendix makes information technology clear that the appendix is only for convenience and has no normative value: "In near of the other tables, only a limited number of decimal places are given, therefore making the tables better adopted to the average user.")
39. ^ ^{a b} Schilbach, Erich (1991). "Litra". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.). Oxford Lexicon of Byzantium . Oxford Academy Printing. p. 1238. ISBN0-19-504652-8.
40. ^ ^{a b c d} Sizes, Inc. (sixteen March 2001). "Pre-metric French units of mass livre and smaller". Retrieved 12 Baronial 2006.
41. ^ Hille, M.C. (1831). "Medicinal-Gewicht". Magazin für Pharmacie und die dahin einschlagenden Wissenschaften. Heidelberg: 268.
42. ^ Entry for Pfund at Duden.online.
43. ^ Cardarelli, F. (2004). Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 122. ISBN1-85233-682-X.
44. ^ Luís Seabra Lopes, "As Pilhas de Pesos de Dom Manuel I: Contributo para a sua Caracterização, Inventariação due east Avaliação", Portugalia: Nova Série , vol. 39, Universidade do Porto, 2018, p. 217-251.
45. ^ Luís Seabra Lopes, "Sistemas Legais de Medidas de Peso east Capacidade, practise Condado Portucalense ao Século Sixteen", Portugalia: Nova Série , vol. 24, 2003, p. 113-164.
46. ^ Sizes, Inc. (28 July 2003). "Jersey pound". Retrieved 12 August 2006.
47. ^ The Council of the European Communities (27 May 2009). "Quango Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 Dec 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC". Retrieved 14 September 2009.

External links [edit]

Await upwards pound in Wiktionary, the gratis lexicon.

Conversion between units [edit]

• U.S. National Establish of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811
• National Found of Standards and Technology Handbook 130

What Is A Pound Mass,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(mass)

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